The VO 2peak is determined by many factors such as the maximal voluntary ventilation, the composition of blood (hemoglobin, iron concentrations), vascular elasticity, muscle capillary density, mitochondrial quantity and activity, the levels and the activity of the muscle oxidative enzymes. Thus, the VO 2peak is an indicator that directly and comprehensively shows the functional capabilities of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and the ability of muscles to maximize the uptake of oxygen. This is determined by the number of mitochondria and the amount and activity of oxidative enzymes in the muscles. The muscles are able to pick up and uptake a certain amount of oxygen. This limit depends on the ability of the respiratory and circulatory systems to provide oxygen to the working muscles. Even though the oxygen uptake is increasing along with an increase in the physical work capacity, the oxygen uptake has its limits. A correlation was found between VO 2peak, aerobic reactions, and the improved physical capacity during a basketball game i.e., the higher VO 2peak is more effective in the performance of multiple sprints, running, and jumping during long-lasting competitions. The VO 2peak being one of the most commonly used indicators of aerobic power and metabolism, is considered the gold standard and plays a key role in measuring the aerobic ability. In this respect, the cardiorespiratory capacity of basketball players is very important. However, when playing basketball, aerobic energy is used to convert glucose and fat into energy and to support the movements of lower intensity and longer duration which represent about 65% of the active game time. Basketball is a team sport with a large part of energy produced during anaerobic reactions triggered by physical loads.
Overall, there is no scientific evidence that identifies an association between the body composition, hematological profile, and physical capacity of the deaf athletes’ population. The scientific literature provides very little data on the nutrition, body composition, and physical capacity of deaf athletes. Regardless of iron deficiency in the body, the better cardiorespiratory fitness of the deaf female athletes was essentially correlated with the higher skeletal muscle mass (in terms of size) (r = 0.61, p = 0.023), the lower percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.53, p = 0.049), and the reduced intake of fat (r = −0.57, p = 0.040). Female athletes had an increased risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. The mean blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and ferritin (24.1 ± 6.6 nmol/L and 11.0 ± 4.1 µg/L, respectively) predicted vitamin D and iron deficits in athletes. The fat content of the diet (38.1 ± 4.1% of energy intake) exceeded the maximum recommended content (35% of energy intake) ( p = 0.012).
The carbohydrate and protein intakes (5.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg of body weight, respectively) met only the minimum levels recommended for athletes. For the deaf female athletes, the PWC 170 was equal to 20.3 ± 2.0 kgm/min/kg of body weight and represented only the average aerobic fitness level.
The consideration of the VO 2peak (55.9 ± 6.1 mL/min/kg of body weight, 95% CI: 51.8, 58.9) and the low VO 2peak (56–60 mL/min/kg of body weight) ( p = 0.966) in the deaf women’s basketball team players revealed no differences. The athletes’ blood tests were taken to investigate the red blood cells, hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, transferrin, iron concentrations, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). In order to assess the cardiorespiratory and aerobic fitness levels of athletes, ergo-spirometry (on a cycle ergometer) was used to measure the peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC 170). The measurements of the body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes. A 7-day food recall survey method was used to investigate their actual diet. The female athletes (n = 14) of the Lithuanian deaf basketball team aged 26.4 ± 4.5 years were recruited for an observational cross-sectional study. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body composition, the physical working capacity, the nutrition intake, and the blood parameters of iron and vitamin D in the Lithuanian high-performance deaf women’s basketball team players.
Max genther tictoc professional#
The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world.
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